RNG Mac OS
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Utilities for random number generation
The key functions are random()
and Rng::gen()
. These are polymorphic andso can be used to generate any type that implements Rand
. Type inferencemeans that often a simple call to rand::random()
or rng.gen()
willsuffice, but sometimes an annotation is required, e.g.rand::random::<f64>()
.
See the distributions
submodule for sampling random numbers fromdistributions like normal and exponential.
This crate is on crates.io and can beused by adding rand
to the dependencies in your project's Cargo.toml
.
and this to your crate root:
There is built-in support for a RNG associated with each thread storedin thread-local storage. This RNG can be accessed via thread_rng
, orused implicitly via random
. This RNG is normally randomly seededfrom an operating-system source of randomness, e.g. /dev/urandom
onUnix systems, and will automatically reseed itself from this sourceafter generating 32 KiB of random data.
An application that requires an entropy source for cryptographic purposesmust use OsRng
, which reads randomness from the source that the operatingsystem provides (e.g. /dev/urandom
on Unixes or CryptGenRandom()
onWindows).The other random number generators provided by this module are not suitablefor such purposes.
Note: many Unix systems provide /dev/random
as well as /dev/urandom
.This module uses /dev/urandom
for the following reasons:
- On Linux,
/dev/random
may block if entropy pool is empty;/dev/urandom
will not block. This does not mean that/dev/random
provides better output than/dev/urandom
; the kernel internally runs acryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) based onentropy pool for random number generation, so the 'quality' of/dev/random
is not better than/dev/urandom
in most cases. However,this means that/dev/urandom
can yield somewhat predictable randomnessif the entropy pool is very small, such as immediately after firstbooting. Linux 3.17 added thegetrandom(2)
system call which solvesthe issue: it blocks if entropy pool is not initialized yet, but it doesnot block once initialized.OsRng
tries to usegetrandom(2)
ifavailable, and use/dev/urandom
fallback if not. If an applicationdoes not havegetrandom
and likely to be run soon after first booting,or on a system with very few entropy sources, one should consider using/dev/random
viaReadRng
. - On some systems (e.g. FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X) there is nodifference between the two sources. (Also note that, on some systemse.g. FreeBSD, both
/dev/random
and/dev/urandom
may block once ifthe CSPRNG has not seeded yet.)
Monte Carlo estimation of π
Mac Os Mojave
For this example, imagine we have a square with sides of length 2 and a unitcircle, both centered at the origin. Since the area of a unit circle is π,we have:
So if we sample many points randomly from the square, roughly π / 4 of themshould be inside the circle.
We can use the above fact to estimate the value of π: pick many points inthe square at random, calculate the fraction that fall within the circle,and multiply this fraction by 4.
Monty Hall Problem
This is a simulation of the Monty Hall Problem:
Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors:Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, sayNo. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens anotherdoor, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, 'Do you want topick door No. 2?' Is it to your advantage to switch your choice?
The rather unintuitive answer is that you will have a 2/3 chance of winningif you switch and a 1/3 chance of winning if you don't, so it's better toswitch.
This program will simulate the game show and with large enough simulationsteps it will indeed confirm that it is better to switch.
Reexports
pub use os::OsRng; |
pub use isaac::{IsaacRng, Isaac64Rng}; |
pub use chacha::ChaChaRng; |
Ring Mac Os App
Modules
chacha | The ChaCha random number generator. |
distributions | Sampling from random distributions. |
isaac | The ISAAC random number generator. |
os | Interfaces to the operating system provided random numbergenerators. |
read | A wrapper around any Read to treat it as an RNG. |
reseeding | A wrapper around another RNG that reseeds it after itgenerates a certain number of random bytes. |
Structs
AsciiGenerator | Iterator which will continuously generate random ascii characters. |
Closed01 | A wrapper for generating floating point numbers uniformly in theclosed interval |
Generator | Iterator which will generate a stream of random items. |
Open01 | A wrapper for generating floating point numbers uniformly in theopen interval |
StdRng | The standard RNG. This is designed to be efficient on the currentplatform. |
ThreadRng | The thread-local RNG. |
XorShiftRng | An Xorshift[1] random numbergenerator. |
Traits
Rand | A type that can be randomly generated using an |
Rng | A random number generator. |
SeedableRng | A random number generator that can be explicitly seeded to producethe same stream of randomness multiple times. |
Functions
random | Generates a random value using the thread-local random number generator. |
sample | Randomly sample up to |
thread_rng | Retrieve the lazily-initialized thread-local random numbergenerator, seeded by the system. Intended to be used in methodchaining style, e.g. |
weak_rng | Create a weak random number generator with a default algorithm and seed. |