RNG Mac OS

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Utilities for random number generation

The key functions are random() and Rng::gen(). These are polymorphic andso can be used to generate any type that implements Rand. Type inferencemeans that often a simple call to rand::random() or rng.gen() willsuffice, but sometimes an annotation is required, e.g.rand::random::<f64>().

See the distributions submodule for sampling random numbers fromdistributions like normal and exponential.

This crate is on crates.io and can beused by adding rand to the dependencies in your project's Cargo.toml.

and this to your crate root:

There is built-in support for a RNG associated with each thread storedin thread-local storage. This RNG can be accessed via thread_rng, orused implicitly via random. This RNG is normally randomly seededfrom an operating-system source of randomness, e.g. /dev/urandom onUnix systems, and will automatically reseed itself from this sourceafter generating 32 KiB of random data.

An application that requires an entropy source for cryptographic purposesmust use OsRng, which reads randomness from the source that the operatingsystem provides (e.g. /dev/urandom on Unixes or CryptGenRandom() onWindows).The other random number generators provided by this module are not suitablefor such purposes.

Note: many Unix systems provide /dev/random as well as /dev/urandom.This module uses /dev/urandom for the following reasons:

  • On Linux, /dev/random may block if entropy pool is empty;/dev/urandom will not block. This does not mean that /dev/randomprovides better output than /dev/urandom; the kernel internally runs acryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) based onentropy pool for random number generation, so the 'quality' of/dev/random is not better than /dev/urandom in most cases. However,this means that /dev/urandom can yield somewhat predictable randomnessif the entropy pool is very small, such as immediately after firstbooting. Linux 3.17 added the getrandom(2) system call which solvesthe issue: it blocks if entropy pool is not initialized yet, but it doesnot block once initialized. OsRng tries to use getrandom(2) ifavailable, and use /dev/urandom fallback if not. If an applicationdoes not have getrandom and likely to be run soon after first booting,or on a system with very few entropy sources, one should consider using/dev/random via ReadRng.
  • On some systems (e.g. FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X) there is nodifference between the two sources. (Also note that, on some systemse.g. FreeBSD, both /dev/random and /dev/urandom may block once ifthe CSPRNG has not seeded yet.)

Monte Carlo estimation of π

Mac Os Mojave

For this example, imagine we have a square with sides of length 2 and a unitcircle, both centered at the origin. Since the area of a unit circle is π,we have:

So if we sample many points randomly from the square, roughly π / 4 of themshould be inside the circle.

We can use the above fact to estimate the value of π: pick many points inthe square at random, calculate the fraction that fall within the circle,and multiply this fraction by 4.

App

Monty Hall Problem

This is a simulation of the Monty Hall Problem:

Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors:Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, sayNo. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens anotherdoor, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, 'Do you want topick door No. 2?' Is it to your advantage to switch your choice?

The rather unintuitive answer is that you will have a 2/3 chance of winningif you switch and a 1/3 chance of winning if you don't, so it's better toswitch.

This program will simulate the game show and with large enough simulationsteps it will indeed confirm that it is better to switch.

Reexports

pub use os::OsRng;
pub use isaac::{IsaacRng, Isaac64Rng};
pub use chacha::ChaChaRng;

Ring Mac Os App

Modules

chacha

The ChaCha random number generator.

distributions

Sampling from random distributions.

isaac

The ISAAC random number generator.

os

Interfaces to the operating system provided random numbergenerators.

read

A wrapper around any Read to treat it as an RNG.

reseeding

A wrapper around another RNG that reseeds it after itgenerates a certain number of random bytes.

Structs

AsciiGenerator

Iterator which will continuously generate random ascii characters.

Closed01

A wrapper for generating floating point numbers uniformly in theclosed interval [0,1] (including both endpoints).

Generator

Iterator which will generate a stream of random items.

Open01

A wrapper for generating floating point numbers uniformly in theopen interval (0,1) (not including either endpoint).

StdRng

The standard RNG. This is designed to be efficient on the currentplatform.

ThreadRng

The thread-local RNG.

XorShiftRng

An Xorshift[1] random numbergenerator.

Traits

Rand

A type that can be randomly generated using an Rng.

Rng

A random number generator.

SeedableRng

A random number generator that can be explicitly seeded to producethe same stream of randomness multiple times.

Functions

random

Generates a random value using the thread-local random number generator.

sample

Randomly sample up to amount elements from an iterator.

thread_rng

Retrieve the lazily-initialized thread-local random numbergenerator, seeded by the system. Intended to be used in methodchaining style, e.g. thread_rng().gen::<i32>().

weak_rng

Create a weak random number generator with a default algorithm and seed.